As promised, some favorites:

Amphibrach- a three-syllabled foot: stressed, unstressed, stressed. It isn't taught much any more.
Anagnorisis- a moment of recognition or discovery by a protagonist, usually plot-related and most frequently used in reference to Greek tragedy.
Aposiopesis- a breaking-off of speech: "What the--?"
Bathos- an unexpected drop from the lofty to the trivial, sometimes employed on purpose but usually the mark of bad writing.
Chiasmus- two juxtaposed sentences or clauses in which the syntax is the same but the placement of the words is different: "They respected him because he was powerful and he was powerful because they respected him."
In Medias Res- starting a work in the middle of the action
Litotes- affirming a statement by negating its opposite: "Was the loft big?" "It certainly wasn't small."
Meiosis- purposeful drastic understatement
Metathesis- switching a vowel and a consonant or two consonants in colloquial pronounciation: "aks" instead of "ask," or "bird" instead of the Old English "brid"
Pathos- the quality in a work that evokes emotion
Paralipsis (or Praeterito)- highlighting something by claiming not to mention it: "It wouldn't be fair to talk about his small salary."
Pathetic phallacy- atribution of human emotion to nonhuman objects, usually the weather.
Periphrasis- obnoxious use of more words than are necessary
Synaesthesia- using the vocabulary of one sensory experience to describe another
Trope- any member of a category of figures of speech that extend the literal meaning of words by inviting comparison to other words, things or ideas. Metaphor, synonym and synechdoche are all types of trope.
Zeugma- using one word to modify two or more other words in the same sentence, often in a different way: "he took his hat and his leave."

The 5 types of irony in literature:
Verbal- a statement that, by its context, means the opposite of that which it expresses when isolated
Situational- when two characters' understandings of a situation contrast sharply, such as Wilfred Owens' use of wartime slogans to highlight the injustice he sees in war
Romantic- when the writer distances the reader from the plot and characters by reminding the reader of his or her presence.
Dramatic- when the reader knows more about the plot than a character does, giving the characters' words and actions added meaning. Frequently employed in tragedy.
Cosmic- contrast between the purposeful actions of men and the indifference of fate. Thomas Hardy is often erroneously credited with inventing cosmic irony.

Isn't it cool?!